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 This SQL class is designed for students new to writing SQL queries using SQL Server. The SQL learned in this course is standard to all modern databases, but SQL Server will be used in class and syntax and functionality specific to SQL Server will be pointed out.

Class Goals

  • Understand how SQL Server works
  • Learn to use SQL to output reports with SQL Server
  • Learn to write queries getting data from multiple tables.

Class Outline

  1. Relational Database Basics
    1. Brief History of SQL
    2. Relational Databases
      1. Tables
      2. Rows
      3. Columns
      4. Relationships
      5. Datatypes
      6. Primary Keys
      7. Foreign Keys
      8. Relational Database Management System
    3. Popular Databases
      1. Commercial Databases
      2. Popular Open Source Databases
      3. Valid Object References
    4. SQL Statements
      1. Database Manipulation Language (DML)
      2. Database Definition Language (DDL)
      3. Database Control Language (DCL)
  2. Simple SELECTs
    1. Introduction to the Northwind Database
    2. Some Basics
      1. Comments
      2. Whitespace and Semi-colons
      3. Case Sensitivity
    3. SELECTing All Columns in All Rows
    4. Exploring the Tables
    5. SELECTing Specific Columns
    6. Sorting Records
      1. Sorting By a Single Column
      2. Sorting By Multiple Columns
      3. Sorting By Column Position
      4. Ascending and Descending Sorts
    7. The WHERE Clause and Operator Symbols
      1. Checking for Equality
      2. Checking for Inequality
      3. Checking for Greater or Less Than
      4. Checking for NULL
      5. WHERE and ORDER BY
    8. Using the WHERE clause to check for equality or inequality
    9. Using the WHERE clause to check for greater or less than
    10. Checking for NULL
    11. Using WHERE and ORDER BY Together
    12. The WHERE Clause and Operator Words
      1. The BETWEEN Operator
      2. The IN Operator
      3. The LIKE Operator
      4. The NOT Operator
    13. More SELECTs with WHERE
    14. Checking Multiple Conditions
      1. AND
      2. OR
      3. Order of Evaluation
    15. Writing SELECTs with Multiple Conditions
  3. Advanced SELECTs
    1. Calculated Fields
      1. Concatenation
      2. Mathematical Calculations
      3. Aliases
    2. Calculating Fields
    3. Aggregate Functions and Grouping
      1. Aggregate Functions
      2. Grouping Data
      3. Selecting Distinct Records
    4. Working with Aggregate Functions
    5. Built-in Data Manipulation Functions
      1. Common Math Functions
      2. Common String Functions
      3. Common Date Functions
    6. Data Manipulation Functions
  4. Subqueries, Joins and Unions
    1. Subqueries
    2. Joins
      1. Table Aliases
      2. Multi-table Joins
    3. Using Joins
    4. Outer Joins
    5. Unions
      1. UNION ALL
      2. UNION Rules
    6. Working with Unions
  5. If time allows, one or more of the following may be covered:
    1. Conditional Processing with CASE
    2. INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE
    3. Student Challenges - Design your own reports
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SQL Server Top 10 Interview Questions

Here this article is about SQL Server Top 10 Interview Questions which are very useful for the seekers in the future when you attend interview regarding SQL Server. These Question and answers are explained in a brief way and in a simple manner where the readers can understand easily without any difficulties. After reading these please share your testimonial with us. All the best





Introduction to SQL Server
SQL Server is Microsoft’s relational database management system (RDBMS) Generically, any database management system (DBMS) that can respond to queries from client machines formatted in the SQL language. As a database, it is a software product whose primary function is to store and retrieve data as requested by other software applications. It is a full-featured database primarily designed to complete against competitors Oracle Database and MySQL.



1) Define trigger?


Ans: A trigger allows us to execute a batch of SQL code when an insert, update or delete command is executed against a specific table. Triggers are special types of stored procedures that are defined to execute automatically in place of or after data modifications. They can be executed automatically on the insert, delete and update operation.



2) What is Clustered & Non-Clustered Index?

Ans: Clustered Index: Clustered index physically rearrange the data that users inserts in your tables. It is nothing but a dictionary type data where actual data remains.
Non-Clustered Index: It Non-Clustered Index contains pointers to the data that is stored in the data page. It is a kind of index backside of the book where you see only the reference of a kind of data.



3) Mention the types of triggers are there?

Ans: There are four types of triggers. They are
  • Insert
  • Delete
  • Update
  • Instead of



4) Define constraints?

Ans: SQL Server users constraints to enforce limitations on the data that can be entered into a particular column in table. There are following types of constraints. Unique, Default, Check, Primary Key, Foreign Key, Not Null.



5) What is the difference between Truncate and Delete?

Ans:  Delete statement removes rows of a table one by one & delete triggers on that table fires. But Truncate removes all rows by de-allocating the data pages assigned to the table & only these deallocation are recorded in the transaction log.



6) What Primary key and Unique key?

Ans: Primary key are used with foreign key to enforce referential integrity. Unique constraints allow nulls to be inserted into the field. But there can't be null in Primary key.



7) What is the difference between DELETE TABLE and TRUNCATE TABLE commands?

Ans: DELETE TABLE is a logged operation, so the deletion of each row gets logged in the transaction log, which makes it slow. TRUNCATE TABLE also deletes all the rows in a table, but it won't log the deletion of each row, instead it logs the de-allocation of the data pages of the table, which makes it faster. 




8) Define transaction and what are ACID properties?

Ans: A transaction is a logical unit of work in which, all the steps must be performed or none. ACID stands for Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability. These are the properties of a transaction. For more information and explanation of these properties, see SQL Server books online or any RDBMS fundamentals text book.



9) What's the maximum size of a row?

Ans: 8060 bytes. Don't be surprised with questions like 'what is the maximum number of columns per table'. Check out SQL Server books online for the page titled: "Maximum Capacity Specifications".




10) What is the difference between Primary key Constraint and Unique key Constraint in SQL Server?

Ans: Unique Key Constraint:
  • The column values should retain uniqueness.
  • It allows null values in the column.
  • It will create non-clustered index by default.
  • Any number of unique constraints can be added to a table.


Primary Key Constraint:
  • Primary key will create column data uniqueness in the table.
  • It Wont allow Null values.
  • By default Primary key will create clustered index.
  • Only one Primary key can be created for a table.
  • Multiple columns can be consolidated to form a single primary key.




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